Quia Timet Action – Meaning and Judicial Developments Regarding Its Scope

Author - G. Kalyan Jhabakh, Partner 

               Prashant Alai, Associate

Over the past few months, there have been a number of suits that have been described as quia timet actions before the Madras High Court. Quia timet in Latin means “because he fears or apprehends”¹. In the cases of Cadila Vs. Morepen² and Sun Pharmaceuticals Vs. Cipla Limited³, the Madras High Court has passed orders of interim injunction restraining the Defendants from launching their products into the market. Thus, reinforcing the doctrine of quia timet and adding emphasis on the age-old principle of not sleeping on one’s rights, especially when it becomes clear that those rights are about to be violated. Owners of intellectual property (Trademarks, Copyright, Patent, Designs, etc.) must always be alert and ensure that their rights are not violated by any third party.

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

Any form of intellectual property would be an asset and hold great commercial value to its owner in today’s competitive business environment. It is with this in mind that the law as upheld by the Courts clearly comes to the rescue of a concerned party, the moment it becomes aware of any steps being taken by a third party to potentially violate its intellectual property rights. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

Quia timet relief enables the concerned party to safeguard its intellectual property rights even before the actual violation takes place i.e. sale of products or services by a third party that violates the concerned party’s intellectual property rights. The very steps were taken by a third party that indicates its intention to violate another person’s intellectual property enables the Court to protect the concerned party’s rights even before the actual violation takes place. Once the Court is satisfied that the third party is looking to or is likely to violate the concerned party’s intellectual property rights, it is well within the Court’s powers to prevent such third parties from committing the said violation. Through this piece, we break down what the doctrine of quia timet is and its relevance to the owner of a trademark. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

Invoking the doctrine quia timet enables a person to seek equitable relief to prevent harm or injury which will probably be caused in the future against a specific right or interest of that person⁴. The Supreme Court of India in Kuldip Singh Vs. Subhash Chandra Jain & Ors⁵ had recognized the doctrine of quia timet by referring to it as a bill in equity. The Court in such cases, if satisfied, may appoint a receiver, direct security to be furnished, issue an injunction, etc. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

Interestingly, this doctrine although not discussed in the judgment was adopted in the spirit in Jawahar Engineering Co. v. Javahar Engineering Pvt. Ltd.⁶ in the year 1984 i.e. even before the Kuldip Singh case, wherein a division bench of the Delhi High Court observed that when an injunction is sought, it is not necessary for the threat to have materialized. Given the prohibitory nature of injunctive relief, it was observed that the same may be granted to prevent an injury that was “likely to happen”. Subsequently, the principle of quia timet has been substantially recognized by various Courts. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

While adjudicating on disputes which are quia timet in nature, the Courts have constantly relied on Fletcher v. Bealey⁷ to explain the factors which have to be considered before granting relief. Factors such as proof of imminent danger and risk of substantial losses in case the threat materializes are a must for such relief. The damage which is apprehended should be of an irreparable nature and so imminent that if the damage occurs, the aggrieved party will be unable to protect itself if the remedy is denied in a quia timet action. This relief is available against any tortious liability and is not restricted to the realm of trademark law⁸. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

The case of Mars Incorporated v. Kumar Krishna Mukherjee⁹ exhaustively laid down the tests applicable for the grant of injunctive relief in trademark disputes. Firstly, the likelihood of confusion or deception as to the source or origin of the trademark or the goods to be sold under the said mark is to be looked into irrespective of whether the goods intended to be sold are competitive goods or not. Secondly, the intention of the offending party is analyzed to see whether the use of the impugned mark is to cash upon the reputation and goodwill of the aggrieved party’s trademark. Thirdly, the likelihood of real or tangible damage or injury to the aggrieved party is looked into if the imminent threat materializes i.e. whether the mark as used by the offending party is likely to be associated with the mark or business of the aggrieved party. Fourthly, it is also analyzed if the hardship faced by the aggrieved party outweighs that of the offending party if the injunctive relief is denied. The importance and relevance of such quia timet relief are also crystallized through phrases found in the body of the judgment such as “the evil should be nipped in the bud” or “a stitch in time always saves nine”.

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

From the perspective of an owner of a trademark, there may be situations where he/ she comes across advertisements of products or services made by third parties who intend on launching their products or services using the proprietary mark of that owner or proprietor. The products or services of the third party carrying the impugned trademark may not have been launched in the market, but it is certain that the third party has decided to use the impugned trademark in violation of that proprietor’s rights in the said trademark. Similarly, the proprietor may come across a trademark registration application for a mark that is identical to his/ her trademark. Often people who apply for trademark registration of a mark are either already in use of the said mark or start using the mark immediately upon making the application and do not wait until registration is granted by the registry. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

The aggrieved party i.e. the proprietor who has chanced upon the impugned advertisement or trademark registration application need not wait until the impugned trademark is used or launched in the market by the third party. This is where the importance of quia timet relief lies. The aggrieved party can and should immediately approach the Court seeking relief of an injunction against the third party’s use of the impugned mark to avoid any violation of his/ her rights in the trademark. 

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

A proprietor filing a suit on seeking quia timet relief should keep in mind certain aspects. The first is that the proprietor should have a right in the impugned trademark which is claimed to be infringed or violated¹⁰. While registered trademark proprietors have a statutory right in protecting their marks, a quia timet relief would also be available to an unregistered proprietor in the form of an action for passing off¹¹. The proprietor must also be able to establish that the threat of infringement or invasion of his/ her rights in the trademark is substantial and material.  

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

A proprietor who waits after obtaining knowledge about the violation of his/ her rights in a trademark would find it difficult to obtain an interlocutory relief in a suit. The harm that may be caused to one’s trade or business through acts of infringement or passing off is difficult to quantify. A proactive approach in protecting one’s trademark even if it is based on apprehension or fear of a future injury is extremely important, especially considering the fact such protection in the form of a quia timet relief is available to the proprietor.

{The Article elaborates on the following lines -
intellectual property rights, law on intellectual property, intellectual property protection, patent copyright trademark, digital property rights, intellectual property rights act, ipr trademark, ipr registration, ipr violations, owning copyright, all copyrights reserved, patent copyright and trademark}.

1.Garner, B. A. (2014). Black's Law dictionary (10th ed). Thomson Reuters. (Pg. No. 1443)

2.OA No. 171 of 2021 in CS No. 111 of 2021 (Madras High Court) – Cadilla Healthcare Ltd. v. Morepen Laboratories Ltd. (Order dated 22.03.2021)

3.A. Nos. 1980, 1982 and 1983 of 2021 and 1949 of 2021 in O.A. Nos. 281, 282 and 282 of 2021 in C.S. No. 176 of 2021(Madras High Court) – Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. v. Cipla Limited. (Order dated 27.05.2021)

4.Supra i

5.Kuldip Singh Vs. Subhash Chandra Jain & Ors.; (2000) 2 SCALE 582.

6.AIR 1984 Del 166

7.Supra v

8.Super Cassetes Industries Ltd. v. Myspace Inc. & Ors.; 2011 (48) PTC 49 (Del)

9.2003 (26) PTC 60 Del

10.ibid

11.Toni & Guy Products Ltd. and Ors. v. Shyam Sunder Nagpal; 2014 (57) PTC 159 (Del)